江啸,戴霖杉

• 1:美国丹尼森大学
• 2:清华大学社会科学学院经济学研究所

摘要(Abstract)：

本文介绍了邓肯·弗利对政治经济学所做的一项重要贡献——构建了古典政治经济学传统下的增长与分配模型框架。这一框架提供了一种与西方主流新古典理论截然不同的理解和研究经济长期增长模式的理论范式。在构建描述增长与分配关系的具体模型时,弗利引入了马克思技术进步推动资本不断取代劳动的假设,从而提出了古典-马克思增长模型。本文将应用这一模型来解释中国长期增长过程中工资率上升同时利润率下降这一现象出现的原因,还将利用此模型得出的结果与新古典(索洛-斯旺)框架下的结果进行比较,并指出二者之间的差异体现了两种理论看待经济增长的不同视角。

关键词(KeyWords)： 弗利;古典-马克思增长模型;增长与分配;工资-利润关系

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 江啸,戴霖杉

参考文献(References)：

• [1] Aziz,J.，“Rebalancing China's Economy:What Does Growth Theory Tell Us?”IMF Working Paper,2006.
• [2] Barnett,S. and R. Brooks，“What's Driving Investment in China?”IMF Working Paper,2006.
• [3] Basu. D.，“Marx-biased Technical Change and the Neoclassical View of Income Distribution，” Metroeconomica,2010,61(4):593-620.
• [4] Bhaduri,A. and S. Marglin，“Unemployment and the Real Wage:The Economic Basis for Contesting Political Ideologies，”Cambridge Journal of Economics,1990,14(4):375-393.
• [5] Chamon,M. and P. Eswar，“Determinants of Household Saving in China，”IMF Working Paper,2006.
• [6] Cui,Y.,J. Meng and C. Lu，“Recent Developments in China's Labor Market:labor Shortage,Rising Wages and Their Implications，” Review of Development Economics,2018,22(12):1217-1238.
• [7] Dumenil, G. and D. Levy，“A Stochastic Model of Technical Change:An Application to the US Economy，”Metroeconomica,1995,64(3):213-245.
• [8] Dumenil,G. and D. Levy，“Technology and Distribution:Historical Trajectories a la Marx，”Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,2003,52(2):201-233.
• [9] Foley,D.，“Endogenous Technical Change with Externalities in a Classical Growth Model，”Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization,2003,55(2):167-189.
• [10] Foley,D.，“Recent Developments in the Labor Theory of Value，”Review of Radical Political Economics,2000,32(1):1-39.
• [11] Foley,D.，“The Value of Money,the Value of Labor Power,and the Marxian Transformation Problem，” Review of Radical Political Economics,1982,28(2):300-319.
• [12] Foley,D.,T. Michl and D. Tavani,Growth and Distribution,2nd edition(Havard Univeristy Press,2018).
• [13] Foley,D.,Understanding Capital(Harvard University Press,1989).
• [14] Foley,D.,Unholy Trinity:Labor,Capital and Land in the New Economy(Routledge,1999).
• [15] Golley,J. and X. Meng，“Has China Run Out of Surplus Labour?”China Economic Review,2011,22(4):555-572.
• [16] Kennedy,C.，“Induced Bias in Innovation and the Theory of Distribution，”The Economic Journal,1964,74:541-547.
• [17] Kraay,A.，“Household Saving in China，”World Bank Economic Review,2000,14(3):545-569.
• [18] Marquetti,A. and M. Pichardo，“Patterns of Growth and Technical Change in the Producion of Good and Bad Outputs，”Investigation Economica,2013,284:55-78.
• [19] Michl,T.，“Biased Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function，”International Review of Applied Economics,2002,13(2):193-206.
• [20] Michl,T. and D. Foley，“Social Security in a Classical Growth Model，”Cambridge Journal of Economics,2004,28(1):1-20.
• [21] Robinson,J.,Essays in the Theory of Economic Growth(St. Martin's Press,1964).
• [22] Schroeder,S.，“The Influence of the Review of Radical Political Economics:Insights on Selected Key Articles，”Review of Radical Political Economics,2018,50(3):549-575.
• [23] Villanueva, L.，“Connecting Patterns of Technical Change and Income Inequality:A Brief Economic History of Latin America，”International Journal of Political Economy,2015,44(2):121-141.
• [24] Villanueva, L. and X. Jiang，“Patterns of Technical Change and Deindustrialization，”PSL Quarterly Review,2018,71:161-182.
• [25] Wang,F.,L. Zhao and Z. Zhao，“China's Family Planning Policies and Their Labor Market Consequences，”IZA Discussion Paper,No. 9746,February 2016.
• [26] Wei,S.,Z. Xie and X. Zhang，“From ‘Made in China’to ‘Innovated in China’:Necessity, Prospect, and Challenges，” Journal of Economic Perspectives,2017,3(1):49-70.
• (1)另一种模型放松了这一特定假设，因此经济的技术变革是由收入分配内生决定的。参见《增长与分配》第七章。
• (1)这事实上构成了中美经济的主要区别，尽管两个经济体都经历了相同类型的技术变革(马克思偏向型的技术变革)，但是美国工资率的增长幅度并没有与其生产率增长相匹配，因此美国的利润份额反而上升了，观察到的利润率也没有下降。
• (1)采用柯布-道格拉斯生产函数的索洛-斯旺增长模型具有一些独特的、令人难以置信的特点。柯布-道格拉斯生产函数下的等产量曲线无限渐进于投入轴，这意味着在一定的限度内，企业可以投入生产要素的任意小量进行生产。
• (1)从技术上说，在这一模型中，全要素生产率是资本生产率与劳动生产率的加权平均值，权重为它们在收入中所占的份额。
• (1)对于这一重要问题的充分讨论自然要提到ITC模型。在《增长与分配》之外，感兴趣的读者可以阅读Kennedy (1964)、Dumenil和Levy (1995,2003)以及Foley (1999,2003)。