迪彭卡·巴苏,季雷

• 1:马萨诸塞大学阿姆赫斯特分校经济学系
• 2:清华大学社会科学学院经济学研究所

摘要(Abstract)：

本文回顾了马克思主义政治经济学部分关键领域的定量实证研究。文章以"价值论战"作为导论开篇,随后依次介绍了以下几个主题的定量实证研究:(1)马克思主义国民经济核算体系,(2)古典-马克思主义相对价格理论,(3)基于概率论的政治经济学,(4)利润率分析,(5)古典-马克思主义增长、分配和技术进步理论。文章的最后强调了现有文献中存在的两个尚未解决的重要问题。

关键词(KeyWords)： 有偏技术进步;劳动价值论;马克思主义政治经济学;国民经济核算;概率论;利润率分析

Abstract:

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基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 迪彭卡·巴苏,季雷

参考文献(References)：

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• (1)数学证明过程和定理汇总在一个在线附录中，可按要求从Journal of Economics Surveys杂志的网站和/或从作者处获取。
• (1)这两个总量等式也被称为“两个不变性条件”，以下均使用此名称；参见陈旸、李帮喜《何谓与为何：价值转形百年之争》，《中国社会科学报》 2015年9月22日，第1版——译者注。
• (2)“如果一小时的工作用6便士表示，一天的劳动力价值是5先令”（Marx, 1990, p. 430）。“劳动力价值为3先令，必要的劳动时间为6小时”（Marx, 1990, p. 659）。“如果我们假设一个工人在一个平均社会工作日所产生的价值，用一笔相当于6先令的钱来表示”（Marx, 1991, p. 119）。
• (1)有关这条线索的最新阐述，请参阅法因等人的研究（Fine, Lapavitsas and Saad-Filho, 2004）。
• (1)参见谢赫和托纳克（Shaikh and Tonak, 1994）的第6章，此章对他们工作之前的文献进行了批判性的回顾。
• (1)请注意，生产性和非生产性之间的差异与必要性、有用性或合理性无关。这是基于劳动是否创造剩余价值的狭义而精确的区分。
• (2)本节中的所有数值均以货币单位计量。
• (1)莫恩（Mohun, 2005）通过去除谢赫和托纳克（Shaikh and Tonak, 1994）由于不可得数据而被迫做出的一些近似值，做出了生产性劳动者数量及其工资的更精确估算。
• (1)虽然马克思主义传统对区分生产性劳动和非生产性劳动的必要性有着广泛的共识，但关于非生产性劳动对宏观经济的影响有着不同的解释。其他解释见帕塔里迪斯和宙菲迪斯（Paitaridis and Tsoulfidis,2012）和莫恩（Mohun, 2014）。从阶级的角度来看，莫恩对美国1964~2010年经济中非生产性工人的研究（Mohun, 2014）对他所说的“非生产性工人阶级”和监管者的区分很重要。自20世纪60年代初以来，他的经验研究工作一直强调非生产性工人阶级所占份额的不变，以及监管者所占份额的上升。这一观察对新自由资本主义下日益加剧的收入和财富不平等有重要的启示。
• (2)请注意，“社会工资”的计算是基于许多分配假设的。例如，为了计算生产性工人支付的净税收，研究人员需要确定在卫生、教育、道路、公园等方面的社会福利支出总额中，工人阶级占多大比例（资产阶级占多大比例）。
• (1)“整合”一词在此指，不仅包含直接使用的资本和劳动，还包含生产生产资料所间接使用的资本和劳动，以及生产生产资料本身所耗费的生产资料所间接使用的资本和劳动……以此类推——译者注。
• (2)有关详细信息，请参阅在线附录和谢赫（Shaikh, 1984）中的第a节。
• (1)使用这种方法还可以避免分析结果受计量单位影响的问题，这一问题在文献中已经讨论了很多（Shaikh, 2016, pp. 387-390）。计量单位的变化不会对F检验的结果产生影响。
• (1)方程（17）中，向量每个元素的分母乘以“总劳动时间的货币等价物”（Shaikh, 2016, p. 392），即总价格与总价值之比。这确保了等式（17）中每个元素的分子和分母具有相同的单位。但这也提出了一个有趣的问题，在使用净产出时，价值-价格转换是否应该使用“新解释”中的“劳动时间的货币表现”（MELT）？或者，在使用总产出时，价值-价格转换是否应该使用“标准解释”中的“总劳动时间的货币等价物”（METLT）？由于一段时期内生产所涉及的总劳动只会增加新的价值，即使考虑到它含有不变资本的价值并将其转移到商品中，使用净产出仍然似乎更为合理。因此，MELT似乎是比METLT更好的转换因子。
• (1)20世纪80年代，关于竞争的经典观点、资本的流动性和行业利润率的分配进行了一场重要的辩论。我在本文中无法讨论的这类文献的经验研究部分，可以参考塞姆莱尔（Semmler, 1982）、格里克（Glick,1985）以及杜梅尼尔和列维（Duménil and Lévy, 1987）。
• (1)引自法杰恩和麦克弗（Farjoun and Machover, 1983, p. 68）。
• (1)这与帕辛内蒂（Pasinetti, 1973）提出的纵向整合观点相同，谢赫（Shaikh, 1984）部分地采纳了这一说法。有关详细信息，请参见在线附录A，特别是方程（A. 4）、方程（A. 5）和方程（A. 6）的推导。
• (2)双样本Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验用于检验两个经验分布来自同一理论分布的零假设。实证研究包括计算两个经验分布函数之间的“距离”，并测试它是否“足够小”。像R和STATA这样的标准统计软件包具有进行测试的内置函数。
• (1)引自杰尼斯（Jaynes, 1957）。
• (1)有关扩散过程的简要介绍，请参见在线附录中的第C2节。
• (1)罕见的例外是费尔德斯坦和萨默斯（Feldstein and Summers, 1977）以及米希尔（Michl, 1988）。虽然他们试图解释一些抵消因素，但他们没有考虑利润率（或一些抵消因素）时间序列的单位根性质。
• (1)ω=W/L=(X-Π)/L=X/L-(Π/K)·(K/L)=x-kv。