丽贝卡·克劳森,布雷特·克拉克,斯特凡诺·兰格,宋树理

• 1:美国刘易斯堡学院
• 2:美国犹他大学
• 3:美国北卡罗来纳州立大学
• 4:浙江外国语学院国际经贸系

摘要(Abstract)：

本文运用马克思的代谢方法——借助代谢断裂和代谢修复两个概念——研究与不同农业体系相关的动态交换关系。首先,评价当代资本主义农业,包括美国的有机农业,并说明资本主义农业体制如何在土壤养分循环中内生地产生了生态问题和代谢断裂。然后,讨论在社会上和生态学上合理的粮食体系的希望。笔者调查了注重代谢修复潜能的古巴有机农业模式。

关键词(KeyWords)： 马克思;新陈代谢;资本主义;农业危机;古巴;粮食主权

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 丽贝卡·克劳森,布雷特·克拉克,斯特凡诺·兰格,宋树理

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• (1)世界是由多个系统构成的，人类社会只是其中一个，而系统之间既相互依赖，又相互独立，其中依赖程度和独立程度则因视角的不同而有所差异。马克思更强调系统的独立性特征，并用来解释资本主义社会生态系统的独特性。——译者注
• (1)然而，在马克思著书立说的时代，土壤学并不能被广泛地应用和发展，尽管马克思关于“土壤肥力因不同历史条件而所有不同”的论断基本上是正确的(Schneider and McM ichael,2010)。
• (2)马克思:《资本论》(第1卷)，人民出版社，2004，第215页。——译者注
• (1)马克思:《资本论》(第1卷)，人民出版社，2004，第207~208页。——译者注
• (1)马克思:《资本论》(第1卷)，人民出版社，2004，第579页。——译者注
• (1)马克思:《资本论》(第1卷)，人民出版社，2004，第579~580页。——译者注
• (1)代谢分析法已经应用到大量的环境问题研究中，比如全球气候变化(Clark and York,2005)、海洋鱼类资源的衰竭(Clausen and Clark,2005; Longo,2012)、畜牧农业(Gunderson,2011)，以及氮循环的破坏(Mancus,2007)。
• (1)结果不仅浪费了粪肥的利用价值，而且造成了环境污染。可见，这种资本主义生产方式违反了自然生态原理，难以实现社会经济的可持续的循环发展。——译者注
• (1)也可以译成缝隙市场、壁龛市场、针尖市场等，主要指那些被市场份额较大的企业所忽略的细分市场或者小众市场。——译者注
• (1)马克思:《资本论》(第1卷)，人民出版社，2004，第485页。——译者注
• (2)马克思:《资本论》(第1卷)，人民出版社，2004，第215页。——译者注
• (1)后文的讨论是对克劳森(Clausen,2007)提出的分析模型的进一步发展和完善。
• (1)这里需要指出，古巴致力于农业生态化，并不是简单地针对“特殊阶段”而做出的一种应急反应。莱文斯(Levins,2005)认为，由于大革命的爆发、殖民地科学的历史，以及反对帝国主义的立场，古巴其实已经将农业生态化深深地根植于整个社会的持续变革中。此外，科学技术的运用要提高社会福利，促进人类发展，而不是为了追逐利润。这样，才可以摆脱资本逻辑的驱使，而注重解决生态问题。
• (1)米尔德里德·索卡·佩雷斯(Mildrey Soca Perez):《人际沟通》2006年12月1日。
• (1)胡安·利昂:《人际沟通》2006年11月27日。
• (1)是指那些不需要缴纳租金就可以无限期耕种土地的个体农民。——译者注