从马克思到凯恩斯革命:金融在经济中的关键作用From Marx to the Keynesian Revolution: The Key Role of Finance
简·托普洛夫斯基,田磊
摘要(Abstract)：
19世纪60年代的企业行为开启了资本主义结构的巨大转型。在当时,虽然许多经济学家都注意到了这一点,但只有马克思将其发展成为一种关于资本主义的经济理论。随后,凡勃伦、希法亭及其批评者莱德勒、卡莱茨基、凯恩斯、斯坦德尔和明斯基等人在其著作中发展了马克思的这一理论。经济理论中的"巨大分歧"并非像凯恩斯所说,在于凯恩斯主义和古典理论的区别;也不像琼·罗宾逊和理查德·卡恩所认为的,是凯恩斯主义和新古典综合派之间的不同;同样不是后凯恩斯主义作家所指认的,在于有货币居间的生产和物物交换之间的区别;至于有些马克思主义者所说的政治经济学家和资产阶级辩护士之间的差别,也不是分歧的核心。(1)经济理论的关键区别在于,理论是承认资本主义经济中长期金融的核心角色,还是仅仅把金融看作"储蓄"或者信用的另一种形式。
关键词(KeyWords)： 后凯恩斯主义;马克思主义;货币;金融
基金项目(Foundation):
作者(Author): 简·托普洛夫斯基,田磊
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- (1)【作者补注】本文赞成列宁以及其他20世纪早期的马克思主义者关于“古典资本主义”和“垄断资本主义”或“金融资本主义”之间的区分。但更近一段时间的一些马克思主义者认为，关键的区别在于政治经济学家与为新自由主义辩护的资产阶级辩护士之间的差别。这种观点与本文并不一致。
- (1)波兰马克思主义者路德维奇·克维基维奇(Ludwik Krzywicki,1859~1941年)是卡莱茨基的支持者，他在19世纪80年代访问美国时掌握了关于美国托拉斯运行的第一手资料，因而在卡莱茨基之前就已经撰写了关于垄断资本的作品。参见Kowalik(1959,ch.Ⅲ)。
- (1)对后者的批判见Borio和Disyatat(2015)，更偏向后凯恩斯主义的批判见Chick(1983,ch. 9)。
- (2)“通常会说‘名义利率’，但现实世界中的利率只能是名义的。”参见Chick(1983,p. 229)。
- (3)标准模型见Diamond和Dybvig(1983)。
- (1)如晚年斯威齐，参见Magdoff和Sweezy(1987)、Halevi(1992)以及Bellofiore(2014)。
- (1)更进一步的讨论请见Kregel(2010)和Toporowski(2012)。