荣兆梓

• 1:安徽大学经济与社会发展高等研究院

摘要(Abstract)：

本文支持国有企业相对效率论，认为不同所有制经济面对不同的市场结构、产业环境和企业规模，会有各自的相对效率优势，国有企业的绩效取决于其制度与更广泛的发展环境之间的匹配程度。在回顾国有企业效率研究文献基础上，本文总结了改革开放以来国有企业效率演变的大致过程，从经济学两种不同效率理论的讨论入手，对文献中观点分歧的成因做出初步的研判。本文认为，既有的全要素生产率计算方法在数据获取中分歧太多，而且因为新古典经济学的理论缺陷，不同研究者的计算结果总是大相径庭，几乎不存在结论的可重复性，这使得全要素生产率作为生产效率的测度指标作用有限。必须在马克思劳动价值论的基础上对全要素生产率的计算方法做出实质性改变，以夯实计量研究的理论基础，提高计算结果的可靠性和可比性。这是正确认识国有企业效率现状，特别是近二十年来国有企业生产效率显著提高的必要前提。

关键词(KeyWords)： 国有企业;效率;相对效率;全要素生产率;全劳动生产率

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation):

作者(Author): 荣兆梓

参考文献(References)：

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• (1)关于资本总量的“循环论证”概念是由老牌的新古典经济学家威克塞尔提出来的。可以用不同的方式表达这一新古典经济学的固有矛盾。一种较为易于理解的表达是:新古典经济理论用生产要素的边际生产率来确定要素价值(价格),资本价格即资本的利润率或者利息率。要在现实的、不能加总的异质资本品基础上计算总量资本,只能是将其价值(价格)量加总。但是,资本的利润率或者利息率本身就要求有一个区别于利润或者利息的资本价值(价格)量(作为利润率或者利息率公式的分母)。威克塞尔进一步指出,以资本作为一种价值量,可以证明,利息率一般并不等于“资本”的边际生产率。这种差异是分配发生变化需要股本升值的结果。这就是所谓的“威克塞尔效应”。从上世纪30年代开始的“资本理论争论”围绕这些问题展开,至今没有得到圆满的解决(参见《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大辞典》,经济科学出版社,1996年,第1卷,第387-399页)。
• (2)参见《中国经济学研究手册》宏观经济学部分,“中国经济潜在增速的测算与分析”中关于全要素生产率测算方法的介绍。
• (3)注意表中国有企业的工业总产值占比、就业人数占比和资本存量占比,都比国家统计局公布的数据明显要低。原因是作者在“规整数据”时,将国有控股企业的一部分重新划归民营企业的范围。理由是:“在我们的数据库中,没办法从别的渠道识别国有控股企业。”说实话,这个理由很难令人信服。
• (4)注意,当年全社会投入的活劳动中,只有一部分是用于纯产品生产的,另外还有很大一部分活劳动则投入到为下一年度准备的生产资料生产中。
• (5)社会劳动生产率的计算公式通常表示为国内生产总值(GDP)除以就业人数。
• (6)见卢荻:中国经济转型中的国有企业:不同视角下的制度功能性与可信性,工作文稿。可惜在公开发表的论文中,这张图似乎被删掉了。