地租理论与数字平台企业的租金研究Land Rent Theory and Research on Rent of Digital Platform Enterprises
乔晓楠,冯天异
摘要(Abstract):
马克思地租理论深刻揭示出土地租金的性质与来源,为探讨社会总产品在工资、利润与地租之间的分配奠定了重要的理论基础。本文系统梳理了马克思地租理论的发展脉络及其在数字平台研究领域的应用,在此基础上借助数理政治经济学模型,将数字平台企业获得的收益划分为平均利润、级差租金和垄断租金,并逐一讨论各部分收益的来源及其影响。具体发现如下:第一,数字平台企业需要获得平均利润来补偿提供数字空间、数字产品或者数字服务的投入,即满足等量资本获得等量利润的基本要求。第二,数字平台企业的级差租金以促进效率提升为前提,并且以级差租金的形式实现了对一般性生产性部门超额利润的转移,但这种利润转移方式却不影响一般性生产性部门获得平均利润。第三,数字平台企业可以通过收取垄断租金进行社会收益的转移再分配,其垄断租金规模的过度扩张势必会挤压一般性生产部门的平均利润,并影响社会再生产中扩大规模的积累要求以及部门之间的比例关系。因此,为了引导数字平台企业健康发展,需要从社会整体经济效率的变化来审视数字平台企业的作用,要把握数字平台企业所获得的不同类型租金的性质,动态地评估数字平台企业总体的收益对全社会平均利润率变化的影响。
关键词(KeyWords): 马克思地租理论;数字平台企业;租金
基金项目(Foundation): 国家社会科学基金重大项目“劳动力要素市场化配置中的效率增进与协同推进共同富裕路径研究”(22&ZD055);国家社会科学基金一般项目“新时代贸易强国建设的政治经济学研究”(20BJL046);; 南开大学文科发展基金研究类一般项目“在高质量发展中推进共同富裕的政治经济学研究”(ZB22BZ0210)的资助
作者(Author): 乔晓楠,冯天异
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- (1)关于数字平台企业分类的详细解释可以参见乔晓楠和冯天异(2022)。
- (2)此处,放松这一假设,也不会影响本文的分析结论,但会使得对于数字平台企业效率高低的判定变得更为复杂。对于自身投入较少、给一般性生产性部门带来效率提升较高的数字平台企业,其当然是高效率的数字平台企业。对于自身投入较多、给一般性生产性部门带来效率提升较低的数字平台企业,其当然是低效率的数字平台企业。然而,对于自身投入较多、给一般性生产性部门带来效率提升较高的数字平台企业,以及自身投入较少、给一般性生产性部门带来效率提升也较低的数字平台企业,则就需要具体地看这两类平台企业的投入与效率改进之间的相对关系才可以判定。
- (3)此处,决定数字平台企业的价值体系时也可以采用将两类数字平台的个别劳动时间按照市场份额进行加权平均的方法(Cogliano et al.,2018;乔晓楠和李欣,2021),即 ■ 其中,x■表示低效率数字平台企业的产量,x■表示高效率数字平台企业的产量,两者之和为xn;λn表示数字平台企业的价值。无论采用哪一种方法,都并不影响本文分析的结论。
- (4)一类观点认为,数据所有权应该归属于消费者个人,这样既可以促进数据的共享,又可以保护消费者的个人隐私(Lessig,1999;Jones and Tonetti,2020),应当重视用户在数据创建和平台生态系统中的重要作用(Arrieta-Ibarra et al.,2018;Lettner et al.,2022)。另一类观点认为,数据所有权应当归属于数字平台企业,进而才能提高数字平台企业参与数字经济的动力与效率(Haynes,2007;程啸,2018)。还有学者提出了数据的分级确权的思路,认为数据作为生成品其初始产权的确立可以通过参与主体之间分散的市场化契约完成(刘涛雄等,2023)。